United Kingdom Embassy photo tends to lead to a century of Herbert Allen Giles _ pottery cartridge

The following quotations from square translation Forum: (a) Zhai Magnus (Herbert AllenGiles, United Kingdom, 1845-1935) research areas: language, culture, literature and translation 1845 his life biography, Dec. 18, Zhai Magnus was born in the United Kingdom Oxford's a scholar's family, his father John �� Allen �� Giles (JohnAllen Giles (1804-84) the priest then Oxford essays College senior members of Jesus, is one of the books, and other body, renowned writer. Giles priest from small to supervise Zhai Magnus copying Latin, Greece and Greece dabble in ancient Roman mythology and history books. This classical education, Zhai Magnus stringent United Kingdom style, but also for his future achievements in the field of Chinese studies and lay a solid foundation. In 1867, Zhai Magnus adopted the United Kingdom Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the selection exams, far from the ocean to the East, becoming the new United Kingdom Embassy in the student of a translator. After that, he served successively as Tianjin, Guangzhou, Ningbo, Hankou district, Shantou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Shanghai, freshwater, United Kingdom consular translation, Assistant Consul, acting consuls, Vice-Consuls, consular and other functional until 1893 to poor health as a resignation to the United Kingdom, 25 years before and after the duration, in addition to 5 degrees back to England on leave, the rest of the time spent in China. In 1897, Zhai Magnus unanimous election to Cambridge University professors in the second term. After 35 years (1832 Zhai Magnus resignation Cambridge University professors post), Zhai Magnus in teaching, concentrated sinology. In 1935, died at home in Cambridge. Zhai academic research of Magnus works can roughly be divided into four categories, i.e. language textbooks, reference books and translation and miscellaneous categories. We will do a summary of major works, and the history of Chinese literature "," WA "for a dictionary more in-depth discussion. A language textbooks, 1872, Zhai Magnus learning Chinese is still less than 5 years, it published the first Chinese works �� the statement no Ming (Chinese without Being a aTeacher: Collection and Use of Sentences in East theMandarin Dialect, with a Vocabulary). This is a book designed for beginner Chinese aliens by Chinese language teaching materials. At that time, this book is a practical, simple, economical and won many desires in the shortest possible time to grasp the daily conversational of foreigners. As of 1822, the book has been published 10 version. The book's greatest features is to use a simple English to Chinese Bopomofo. From a strict sense, this is not a scientific method, however, for those seeking practicability, bent in the shortest possible time to get some Chinese daily sessions of diplomats, businessmen, customs officers, this is an easy friendly manner because learners do not have to specifically study Chinese pronunciation rules, you do not need to learn the intricacies of radicals. Anyone with a pick up this book, you will be able to read a simple Chinese sentences, but the Chinese are likely to understand what he said. Therefore, Zhai Magnus did not deliberately go to forge a new phonetic system to fool the students, on the contrary, he directly use simple English to represent pronunciation of Chinese sentences. The statement that no one "is divided into 11 chapters, a total of 67 pages. Chapter one: digital; chapter II: tourists; chapter III: businessman; chapter IV: general terms; chapter 5: housewives; chapter VI: movement; Chapter VII: in stores; Chapter VIII: buy antiques; chapter IX: sailor; Chapter 10: grammar; Chapter 11: vocabulary. Perhaps the biggest part of the vocabulary (a total of 32 pages). Zhai Magnus selected are then most useful sentences, meanwhile, is also very short sentences. The "syntax" chapter 10: even more briefly, only covers three areas: 1. " Nouns and adjectives no inflection: same Word can represent a single complex. "2." pronoun. " 3. "verbs in all tenses mood, (except for the past tense), number and person of the same. The past tense is usually the original added after the word ' now, ' ' a ', etc. " 1874, Zhai Magnus published examples of the word Science (Synoptical Studies in ChineseCharacter). This is an analysis of the homographs righteousness or homomorphic words in Chinese language learning materials. Zhai Magnus took him think that foreign students particularly confusing about 1300 characters, the income of the examples of the word. At the same time, in order to facilitate foreign readers, Zhai Magnus also attached a book index. In this way, even if foreign students "do not understand the pronunciation of a Word, you can also find the word", is that "it is enough for him to know and similar characters on the line." For example, in the first page of the book, Zhai Magnus income ", in, the words" 18. These three words for Chinese people and does not pose any difficulties, but for foreign students, it may be impassable chasm. Zhai Magnus not only had these words to note and above standard sound format description Word tone. The back of each word is marked with the corresponding English. In addition, students can also be found in the book the corresponding characters in the Appendix. 1877, Zhai Magnus published the Shantou dialect Handbook (Handbook of the Swatow Dialect, with avocabulary), the book of style and the words "no one, has collected some simple sentences, Shantou dialect is also attached the vocabulary, and according to the English phonetic law on these sentence and vocabulary note. In 1919, Zhai Magnus published 100 best characters (The Hundred BestCharacters). This is a 72-page booklet only, however, Zhai Magnus says, "I have to design this book style fee did mind." The book aims to "help those students who wish to learn Chinese in a simple way to learnChinese, and inspiring them to learn Chinese enthusiasm. " Zhai Magnus of this enlightening reading material because of its "low-cost and easy to carry," and was popular with beginners. In the book, Zhai Magnus promises, "as long as master this I00 characters, you receive unexpected verbal effect". To this end, Zhai Magnus carefully selected 100 "best of" Chinese characters and lists a related glossary. His intention is, "with these vocabularies, we according to the relevant situation made some new sentences. Therefore, the students can freely speak Chinese, but without a mind full of those he might never to vocabulary. "As to how to use the book, Zhai Magnus said," if possible, this book is the best in China under the guidance of local teachers to learn better to identify a pitch, but also good for cultivating the correct pronunciation of "the 100 best Chinese characters" and the words no one out on the biggest difference is that the former is Professor of the Chinese written language, while the latter is the main Professor of spoken Chinese. However, Zhai Magnus recommends readers in use, you can combine the two. Since the book was very popular, so, Zhai Magnus and was invited to prepare a "100 best characters (ii)" (The Second Hundred Best Characters), in 1922-out. Publishers in the new book directory known as: "Dr Magnus Zhai had their successful learning Chinese experience systematically applied in the 100 best characters (a)". Since then, he greatly encourage and carefully selected the 100 best Chinese characters. Once you have mastered Zhai Dr Magnus carefully selected numbering 200 Chinese characters, you can make in spoken Chinese amazing effects. " Translation , 1873, Zhai Magnus published the first Chinese-English translation �� the two first Chinese poetry (Two ChinesePoems), which included the rhyme of the primer and the thousand of English translation. Zhai Magnus his translation of the poem's motives, not by what noble goal, but rather as a Catechist in black and white that you want to put the two poems translated into English rhyming poetry is almost impossible. " The JAT Magnus asked after the publication of the primer, the blasphemous. Critics pointed out that "Angels don't dare set foot in place, and a fool the brave" Zhai Magnus I wasn't satisfied with the translation of 1873, 1899 he was determined to retranslation of the primer, and included in the translation of the original text and detailed notes. 1900, Zhai Magnus of the primer to translation, one commentator noted, Zhai Magnus translation the primer is a "bold behavior", the translator also "very talented", but "If the translator's ability to focus on other aspects of bets, he wouldn't have been in vain." However, Zhai Magnus I thought the "translation or have withstood the test of time." Relative to the 1873 version, this book thickness. Original: 28 pages only, this book is 178 pages. In the preamble, Zhai Magnus briefly describes the primer in Chinese education. He pointed out, the primer is enlightening reading Chinese children, children in primary education stage to the primer in mind. Zhai Magnus, "want to master the Chinese written language, want to get into the habit of Chinese thinking habits, the outsider's Primer of importance is self-evident. True to the Chinese language of foreign students imitate Chinese children, but also the whole book back cooked, can master the language. "Zhai Magnus also pointed out that the primer as enlightening reading material, its position is very strong. Therefore, "Catholic missionary and Protestant missionaries to Christianity, also published a number of similar books. These writings in the form and title with the Primer are very similar. Even the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to establish a new dynasty, also publish their own, the primer ". Zhai Magnus also noted that the original text washes, so "many foreign translators do not understand the meaning of the primer". Zhai Magnus the primer for the control of English translations using the layout style, and each character has a tone, injection each tone of the upper-right corner in Arabic numerals (1-4) indicate the pitch of the voice. Zhuyin below these characters in the English translation on the right is the actual translation. Zhai Magnus also said Xu Shen's "the man" on each character of the structure, meaning, radical, radical analyses. In addition, Zhai Magnus also on poetry in the historical, cultural, literary analysis, introduction. So, not only facilitates the foreigners understand the meaning of the primer to learn Chinese history and culture, but also help them grasp the primer contains 500 characters. From the above analysis of lengthy character, it is not difficult to see, Zhai Magnus of the primer, the main purpose of the translation is not a translation, but rather focus on how to learn Chinese. In this sense, he's the primer translation is more like a Chinese learning materials. 1874, Zhai Magnus also translated the boudoir training script or the woman of the thousand "(A Thousand-Character Essay for Girls) and recorded the xiyuan (Hsi Yuan Lu, or Instructions toCoroners). These two articles: all published comments on China. In 1924, Zhai Magnus "xiyuan recorded sayings of ask city. The catalogue was xiyuan Western medical historians as the "great cultural milestone" Zhai Magnus of this translation is referred to as "the most influential and most authoritative English translation." Zhai Magnus first heard of the catalogue is at xiyuan 1873 in Ningbo Consulate serving period. He saw the xiyuan recorded after the Chinese civilization has made new. After that, he would translate to "review". 1874 the China comment on the journals of Zhai Magnus translation section �� the xiyuan or coroner's Guide �� can be said to be the first English translation. This manuscript published, did not cause much of a shock. Until 1924, United Kingdom (the Royal Association of M RoyalSocietyEdicine) only if the translation of Magnus Zhai full text papers �� the income of the Royal Society on 17 volumes "chapter in medical history" (Section of the History ofMedicine). The translation of the first members of the medical profession has been recognized, therefore, Zhai Magnus says, "recorded" in "xiyuan that never occurred to me that this place has a great deal of concern". 1877, Zhai Magnus translation published "Holy" CA Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms), also known as the Faxian biography ". Zhai Magnus of the Holy "mainly consists of two parts, translation and notes. At the end of July 1923, Zhai Magnus reinterpretation and published the new translation of the Holy ", the new translation of the English title of the" TheTravels Fa-hsien (399-414 A. D.), or Record of the BuddhisticKingdoms, Retranslated by ' N. A. Giles, With an Illustration and aMap ". At the end of 1923, this version because of its exquisite, also won the "wonderful book award". According to the JAT Magnus I statistics, the Western media as a result, a total of 32 commentary, of which 30 articles on Hsuan Tsang ghosts experience spoke highly of it. But in this version, due to the JAT Magnus pointed out that the Buddhist concept of the "Trinity" is earlier than the "Trinity" of Christianity, and made a "mysterious Prize ghosts of light, Paulo tour paled" this claim, so that the new version also aroused discontent in teaching. In October 1923 issue of the journal of the West London (TheEast and theWest) put the Magnus Zhai translation yelled "worthless" and says the preface of Magnus Zhai "no academic" and "entirely hubianluanzao" Zhai Magnus found it funny that the Aberdeen publications and academic journal (AberdeenPress and.Iournal) considered that the book has "learned". Furthermore, the East-West "Journal of book reviews," ghosts "is purely Zang" imagined ". Zhai Magnus retorted that if Buddhists also Christians regarded as sacred by Christian portrait "imagined", then how would Christians? Zhai Magnus pointed out that "this kind of loss standards, also good for a journal of the Senate." 1878, Zhai Magnus completed Pu songling's the strange tales of the entente, Zhai Magnus translation by 164 stories, so far, remains the most complete a translation. This translation of the 1908 reprint, reprint Edition, is very popular in the West. Western some translation is based entirely on Zhai Magnus English translation of the translation. 1883, Zhai Magnus at printing a selection of the ancient treasures (Gems of ChineseLiterature). In this book, Zhai Magnus "translation of a different period China famous prose writers ' graceful ' essays ' fragment ', all translations are first-time translation". 1884, Zhai Magnus by his friend Bernard quaritch-(BernardQuaritch, 1819-1899) the publication of this book. Book binding and exquisite, cover page with the title of the seal, wrote: "Jane", ancient selected back cover is a short sequence text. April 1884, far East newspaper the Herald (Pioneer) published a book called: "the search for the English reader, but hard to find something about China's overall literature (generalliterature) text, even if a little introductory text. Legge, the tremendous efforts made by the truly adventures can easily get the Confucian classics; however, a lot of literature is still a pending Virgin territory. Recently published the "classical" selected Jane just made up for this shortcoming ". From this review can be seen, the ancient text selected in the style of the prepared delicacies on the overall Western popular "literature" concept, i.e. the overall assessment of a country's literature. From this point on, Zhai Magnus was the first "general literature" in Chinese literature in the United Kingdom Sinologists. October 1898, Zhai Magnus also published an anthology of the ancient and modern (Chinese Poetry in EnglishVerse), in which a large number of ancient Chinese poetry entente. In 1923, the ancient selected delicacies on the second edition of the publication. The second edition of the classical selected Jane "is to amend, add to the first edition of the classical selected Jane" and the "ancient poems, on the basis of the completed. New edition of the "classical" selected Jane is divided into two volumes: volume of prose and poetry volumes. The classical selected Jane largely in accordance with the classification of Chinese historical dynasties, prose volume section translated Laozi, Confucius, Qu Yuan, Zhuangzi, Mu Yu, Mencius, Xun, Han Fei, Sima Qian, Emperor, was wrong, Emperor, Chong, Faxian, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, Su, SIMA, Wang Anshi, Cao Fei, Wen, parsley, Pu, Yuan Mei, Zeng Guofan, Tan sitong, Yuan Shi-kai, Liang Qichao, 89 186 article writer. Although this volume Crown in prose volume, but also a lot of income, such as the poet BAI Juyi's "PIPA", etc. However, the translation of the pipa, Zhai Magnus is taken by the prose, not rhyme. Poetry volume translated Qu Yuan, song, Cao Zhi, Tao Yuanming, he zhizhang 1,-Ang, Li Bai, Wang changling, Zhang jiuling, Han, Jin, Li Shang-yin, Ouyang Xiu, Huang Tingjian, Su Dongpo, Lu you, Qiu Jin Pu songling, and others. This book is a feature of selecting works, subject extremely rich, or sad, or passionate, or lines, or for varying scenery, so "readers can according to their own interest, readily read, read ten minutes, he will be able to find enough to let him thinking about 1 hourContent "Zhai Magnus of the classical selected Jane" prose volume there is another important feature is that each author's name below has a brief biographies. These life read is also very interesting, commentators noted that "the ancient selected Jane" will eliminate our views on China's error, we used to think that China is a country of businessmen is one without religion, there is no art in the country, but we were wrong. " January 1889, Zhuangzi: Mystic, ethicists, social reformer (ChuangTzu, Mystic, Moralist, andSocialReformer) published the book translation work lasted for two years. Relative to the Lao Tzu, Chuang-Western scholars for studies. Zhai Magnus of Zhuangzi translation into three parts: introduction, notes, Zhuangzi's philosophy. In the introduction, Zhai Magnus says, in translation, he will be based on "China's traditional approach to my own comment or inclusions in the translation. I hope this can help you understand the allusion, Zhuangzi references as well as Zhuangzi conveys the subtle, often is obscure meaning. " Zhuangzi translation publishing, aroused great interest. Zhai Magnus through their own square wonderful pen, the essence of Zhuangzi's philosophy is passed to the United Kingdom the reader and let them feel the mysterious charm of Chinese philosophy. Critics, Zhai Magnus's pen, Zhuangzi "image and wisdom are full of charm", "Western understanding of China and Chinese people are very helpful." In 1925, the publication of the Chinese jokes selected (Quips from a ChineseJest-book). Europe temperaments "think Chinese people more depressed, says the Chinese like Sphinx, there is no ability to smile," Zhai Magnus in order to eliminate the Europeans on China's prejudices, he found it necessary to introduce Chinese humor in the West. The preamble in the book, Zhai Magnus pointed out that "the aim of this book shows the Chinese wisdom and humor side ... In addition, these jokes will truly reflect the social life of the reflect China Chinese men and women, old and young, fewer behaviour, language and thought. " This book has translated the Qing dynasty in the game of life by the smile linguangji "jokes 242. Zhai Magnus in MV the laugh linguangji law will the so-called "two-bit" joke knockout wiped, and according to the United Kingdom the reader's taste for text-decoration, reading of laugh. 1905, published "an introduction to the history of Chinese painting" (An Introduction to the History of ChinesePictorialArt). The work on the translation from the antiquity up to the Ming dynasty (1644) of Chinese art critic, painter's works and writings, such as yanliben, Zhang Xiao, Wu Road, Zhao danian, Wang Shizhen, and so on. Zhai Magnus "on any kind of European languages, this is the first Chinese painting history." Zhai Magnus says, Europeans occasionally mention China painting, however, they are often an "outsider" perspective of Chinese painting, Zhai Magnus recalled the European to Chinese painting theory of translation, that is the first of the writings of this class, the first time a large number of translations of Chinese painter, art critic for a large number of authoritative works. The book also comes with 12 sites full of Chinese painting, these pictures and comments on the work of selection is determined by that time working for the British Museum's famous poet, art critic LawrenceBinyon. "In the United Kingdom, United States and the European continent, the popularity of this book." 1918, Zhai Magnus added a dozen pieces of Chinese painting, an increase of 40 pages, and the first edition of the art editor of the book again to launch the Second Edition. However, the new China review commentary points out that "this work is not a painting works, Zhai Professor Magnus does not have the capacity of Chinese art criticism, this reader can be seen from the book. From any perspective, in his book the role played by just a skilled translator, he translated from a large number of books about Chinese painting, especially the writings of Chinese painter, and choose a lot of fun, frivolous story and criticism "and" these anecdotes interesting some is simply useless, meaningless, some critics are very naive. " But the book reviews on the book's editorial criticism very highly, and pointed out that "If these paintings is in color, it would be wonderful." It is not difficult to see from which we, as a translator, Zhai Magnus due excessively broad, and dabbled in scope in performing certain content translation ', when it inevitably and professionals will have a gap. In 1911, the compilation and publication of the Chinese fairy tale "(Chinese Fairy Tales), included in the" high en international library "(Govan'sInternationalLibrary) book series publishes. This book of fairy tales are made from a wide range, which also are we familiar fairy tale, as one of the "shihou" (The StoneMonkey) translated from "journey to the West". However, Zhai Magnus that journey is a "famous works", also is a "low-level work." Reference books , 1873, Zhai Magnus published published examples of language learning: a dictionary of idioms and colloquial Mandarin (A Dictionary of Colloquial Idiomsin the MandarinDialect) 6. This small book brings together some of the structure of the special Chinese idioms, at that time, "the content has not been caused by the study of Chinese linguistics scholars ' attention". 1878, published on the far east of reference glossary (A Glossary of Reference on SubjectsConnected with the FarEast). Zhai Magnus in "three and a half years before the start," "everyday conversations and newspapers" far East region gathered in fashion "terminology, bibliography, words, phrases". TheseEverything in alphabetical order, each entry below there is a brief explanation of some is a historic shows or etymology. "This book as we know far East provides a shortcut to the problem. This book will be those who have neither access to the far East, no books to understand the people of the far East information welcome. " January 1892 and began publishing the Huaying dictionary (Chinese-EnglishDictionary), volume 1, November, three volumes all out. This dictionary is "is believed to be his life's greatest achievements." In 1897, the publication of the ancient family family tree "(A Chinese BiographicalDictionary) first published in 1898, volume, volume II. This dictionary: xii + 1022 pages includes the outstanding politicians, military strategist, poet, historian biography 2579. Fu Shang Lin's view, the ancient surname genealogy is a "ground-breaking work, which is unique in that time. More significantly, the ancient surname genealogy than modern China's first early Biographical Dictionary of ten years. Moreover, he (Zhai Magnus) is an acute shortage of materials, alone to complete the codification of this dictionary. "The French Academy, Academy answers also therefore theFrench Chak Magnus issued people dream" ru Lotus Award "(Prix StanislasJulien). In 1898, Zhai Magnus-Cambridge professors in the second term and Cambridge University library stacks after finishing, head of the Cambridge University Library Wade base Han, full instruments catalogue (Catalogueof Wade Collection of the Chinese and Manchu Books in the Libraryof the University ofCambridge). Since then, due to the growing collection of books, Zhai Magnus written in 1915 was published by Cambridge University Library Wedgwood base the roots of Chinese and Manchu instruments catalog "(ASupplementary Catalogue of the Collection of Chinese andManchu Wade Books in the Library of the University of Cambridge). These two directories not only facilitates later scholars, Cambridge University Library and the utilization of Chinese books and Directory write method also exceeded that time some of the Western universal cataloguing laws. Fu Shang Lin, Zhai Magnus in these two directories are based on the classification of "Chinese classical on Wade books cataloging system. Doug thought also to the British Museum's collection are catalogued, Zhai Magnus catalog than Doug's directory gaoming, Doug SI directory is cannot be compared ". 4. miscellaneous 1875, Zhai Magnus published notes on China (Chinese Sketches). This book brings together Zhai Magnus published newspaper articles over the years, a significant part in the huayang Tong Wen (CelestialEmpire), also some new article income. The content involving China's social life and customs of surface, such as women, literature, medicine, pawn shop, fortune-telling, gambling, monk, text, superstition, new year, opium, Feng Shui, Christian, Christ, Limerick, and so on. When Westerners believe "the Chinese nation is an immoral, fallen people, they are very honest, very cruel, degenerated. Opium �� a ratio of gin more terrible scourge is one among them. Only a strong introduction of Christianity to avoid Chinese Empire quickly moving towards complete extinction. " However, Zhai Magnus says, "in the eight years of experience you told me that the Chinese are an industrious, sober, Lotte's national wealth in Western culture, vices and disaster in the face of the Chinese people at a center position. " Overall, Zhai Magnus in the notes on the changes in China" for Westerners for China and Chinese people's view has a role. 1877, published to Guangzhou from Shantou (From Swatow to Canton (Overland). Writing this book, Zhai Magnus-United Kingdom stationed in Shantou Consulate generation consular, superior delegate, his land by Chaozhou Office and should state, go to Michael Hui Fu, urged the Chinese Government on Ma-Jia Li (AugustusRaymond Margary, 1846-1875) published a notice in Yunnan, China (Yunnan Proclamation). To this end, Zhai Magnus in "picturesque scenery spent enjoyable one month �� in addition to China and the Hakka people, completely isolated from other people." This book is Zhai Magnus journey information. The book, some do not disrespect towards Christianity, caused a partial teaching in the people's discontent. October 1878, Zhai Magnus during its Presidency of the United Kingdom in Xiamen consular agent consular period published a brief history of gulangyu island "(A Short History ofKoolangsu) Zhai Magnus claiming to be the book" worthless ", because its content is nothing more than" some popular attractions of comments ", and" a list "residents. However, the book's first edition soon depleted. Some aliens or "think of it as a Christmas cards sent to his friends in the United Kingdom." But Interestingly, Zhai Magnus for gulangyu sunlight rock stone "on the waves Grotto, lujiang first" words in translation, has become a landscape carved stone of Xiamen, the earliest English translation. I879 September, published on Dr. Wei 3 fear of some translation <��Ӣƴ���ֵ�gt; and mistranslation (OnSome Translations and MistranIn Dr Williams ' slations SyllabicDictionary). Early in 1874, Zhai Magnus has published book reviews, notes Dr. Wei three fear the Chinese pinyin dictionary of many "absurd error, there are too many places in its totality," in the book, Zhai Magnus lists 300 to a wrong translation and focus on three critical of the Wei Wei's phonetic law, considers that he has made a fatal mistake, that is not used at that time General phonetic law. 1880, publishing the Masonic (Freemasonry inChina). Over the years, Zhai Magnus has been a member of the Masonic. To China, he also became the Xiamen Masonic Branch Manager (WorshipMaster), the distinction may 1982 (SeniorWarden), but also a Fuzhou Masonic branch first coach. Since since 1870, many people have been asking Zhai Magnus the same question, "China is a Masonic?" This book is Zhai Magnus in Masonic lectures of, and is also the Magnus Zhai questions. Zhai Magnus pointed out that "Although China has similar secret societies, however, we understand the lodge there is no" ' China. 1882, the history of China and other summary (Historic China and Other Sketches). This book consists of three parts: 1. Overview of dynasties. Is divided into six chapters, briefly to the English reader shows the three thousand years of history in China. Zhai Magnus said he was writing the chapter, "already try to compress and abridged because although China has a vast territory, population, however, the United Kingdom to China Affairs, past or present, are not interested". In describing the history of China, Zhai Magnus sprinkled on the Chinese literature, and section translated part of the content. 2. legal overview. Provides an overview of the Qing dynasty, and translate the 12 true case. 3. other overview. Mainly deals with Chinese education, written Chinese, Chinese of cremation, China fan, hypnosis, divination, writing boards, summoning said, Weiqi, Chinese surname, China Masonic. In 1902, the publication of the Chinese and the Chinese law (China and theChinese). In 1902, Zhai Magnus as Colombia University first Tianlong (DeanLung) sinology lecture fund celebration participant, Colombia University opened six lecture. This book is Zhai Magnus in Colombia University's six lecture presentations. Zhai Magnus pointed out that "the lectures is not open to senior scholars, the aim of these seminars is only of concern, but stimulating interest ...". These six lectures are: 1. the Chinese language; 2. an English library (that is, the Cambridge University library stacks); 3. democratic China: 4. China and ancient Greece: 5. Taoism: 6. some Chinese rituals and customs. In 1912, Zhai Magnus wrote six articles about China Daily article topic, these articles belong to the children's books. These articles are published in the drawings, the topic is "China and the Chinese law (China and the Chinese). These articles in March to August, published in the journal of San Giorgio (St George ' s Magazine) o Zhai Magnus put together a compilation of these article, entitled "babies" (Baby China). 1905, publication of the ancient religion "(Ancient Religions of China), the book is Constable publishing company (Constable Co.) Launch of the religious: ancient and modern "(Ancient Religions: andModern) series. The book is divided into five chapters: 1. ancient beliefs; 2. Confucianism; 3. Taoism; 4. materialism; 5. Buddhism and other religions. Zhai Magnus mainly taken the term to explain how to write, that is, the first to give and the religion-related terms or keywords, and then explained, so that the various religious concepts and keynote are able to get a better description. Said, "this book is not criticism, but rather to the way most briefly outlines the characteristics of Chinese religion". In the exposition of Taoism, Zhai Magnus still retains his consistent view that existing literature is not sufficient to demonstrate that LAO does have its people, the daodejing "real part is very limited. 1905, publication of the Yao Hill journal (Adversaria Sinica). The Yao Hill journal contains articles consists mostly of academic debate as to the nature of the article, the article covers a very broad, including Queen, filial piety, Laozi Daode Jing ", and the mouth harp contest, Chinese football, Polo, compass, opium, alcoholism, 's bound feet, comics, infanticide, and many other content. Both planes in the end, getting at the root of the class of article, have needle derogatory, ridicule class essays. These articles readability is very strong, Zhai Magnus aggressive behavior on the printed page, interesting to read. Of course, as the content is too wide, at the same time, because the data deficient, or with the help of Chinese Assistant, or eager to keep personal discovery made public, Zhai Magnus "Zhai mountain journal also inevitably have textual insufficiency, the conclusion is unavoidable in some simple arbitrary. Allen Giles "TITLE =" a century of photos from United Kingdom Consulate of Herbert Allen Giles "/> in 1911, the publication of the Chinese civilization (The Civilization of China), included Williams a Nogat company (Williams and Norgate)" family University Library "(The HomeUniversityLibrary) book series. The preamble in the book, Zhai Magnus clearly explains the purpose of writing the book: "the Chinese civilization," a book is a rough outline of the keynoteHistory of Chinese civilization. " Its target audience is "on the Chinese know little or nothing of readers" Zhai Magnus hoping to "cause the reader to the Chinese civilization of broad interest, so it is more comprehensive, more systematic research." The book is divided into 12 sections, 1. feudal era; 2. the legal and political; 3. religion and superstition; 4. a.d. 200 to 1200 years; 5. the women and children: 6. literature and education: 7, philosophy and movement: 8, entertainment; 9.1260-1368 Yuan,; 10. Ming and Qing dynasties, 1368-1911; 11. Chinese and foreigners; 12. looking to the future. In this book finally, Zhai Magnus wrote: "If the Manchu rulers to grasp the opportunities at hand, even whole unrest, they may continue to former glory, which is extremely beneficial to the Chinese nation. However, if they missed out on this opportunity, then it is likely that the Chinese Empire to face an unprecedented catastrophe. China will once again become a melting pot, after the furnaces and uplifting, China will as always all the time, become more Holy, more powerful. " Since this article was published on the eve of the revolution, this passage makes Zhai Magnus became the "London journalists by the prophets." Allen Giles "TITLE =" a century of photos from United Kingdom Consulate of Herbert Allen Giles "/> in 1912, the Chinese and Manchu (China and the Manchus), included the" Cambridge Scientific and literary, commercial "(The Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature). This book is a history of the Qing dynasty, from the Khitan Jurchen and has been written to the Sun. In addition to the first two chapters, the book primarily to successive emperors of the Qing dynasty to the chapter name. This book's peculiar that it cover: an ancient Jurchen Tatar figure, from Cambridge University Library's 1827 the exotic figure Chi ". In 1924, the publication of the China turbulence: Rhapsody (Chaos in China-ARhapsody). Zhai Magnus on Chinese turmoils situation considerations, and on the Confucian classics and contemporary of morality are ignored and regret. In addition, in view of the Boxer indemnity should be how to use this problem has been outstanding, Zhai Magnus in the book, also a Boxer indemnity (theBoxer Indemnity) use plan. Since then, because it is getting high, Zhai Magnus also increasingly neglect of writing, only several essays line. October 1928, when the Chinese Telegraph (China Expressand Telegraph) when writing to him, he can only use the "a maps" ' instead. He is going to be the end of his days in the "more important", such as (Huaying dictionary) (v3) revision, etc., he is also preparing for his Chinese books make a directory. At the same time, he is located in Cambridge Selwyn Garden (SelwynGardens Cambridge) 10, home point as Chinese scholar's study General while roaming is away of China's memory. Qin, chess, books, paintings, Chinese scholar indispensable all furnishings, Zhai Magnus House in everything, there are still hanging on the wall "some Buddhist portraits and one from Shantou nearby Lianhua mountain of a temple, bought the Gong". He was in his creation of the Chinese atmosphere to enjoy a life in, until the last moment of life. Zhai Magnus "Chinese literature in the history of Chinese literature of the communication process, the JAT's written the history of Chinese literature has played a unique role in it for the first time in the form of literary history, the United Kingdom readers show Chinese literature of a long development process overview �� although there are gaps and errors, but it is pointing to the United Kingdom and presents the reader with a rich tasty literature promenade. The work in London by the 1901 �� William Heinemann companies published author in the prolog is proud to say: "in any language, including English, this book is the first to write the history of Chinese literature. "The book of songs such as" Introduction "and" songs of the South "and" speeches "and" strange tales, "and" journey to the West, "Jin Ping Mei," and "dream" and many other classics. Zhai Magnus of the history of Chinese literature of the 19 century the United Kingdom is the translation of Chinese literature of the first outstanding achievements, Zhai Magnus to write the history of Chinese literature, the take over of the death of Wade as Cambridge University Professor, Chinese studies, this is the highest honor in Chinese. He wrote the history of literature is a long standing knowledge accumulated into a winner. Jat's has better than his contemporaries fuller write the history of Chinese literature. 22-year-old Jacob Magnus to China, has lived in China for over 20 years, familiar with the Chinese language and cultural traditions. He has a passion for Chinese culture, extensive collection of Expo, in the preparation of the history of Chinese literature compiled before the Chinese literary essence of poetry, prose in two volumes, the codification of the Huaying dictionary extensive, author of multiple books in Chinese. These have led him to Chinese culture for thousands of years and have a good understanding of characters, beginning to appreciate the history of Chinese literature. Secondly, other European research results also for Sinologists of JAT's shop down the road. Third, for the writing of literary history and, more importantly, also need to have a "history" of consciousness and the concept of "total", this is very consciously Jat 's. In a certain sense Zhai's Chinese literature the overall description and is based on the background of the Western cultural tradition, using Western academic concepts, the construction of a Chinese literature. Zhai Magnus this literary history is basically to dynastic sequence, the history of Chinese literature is divided into eight times. The first period of his name as "feudal period", that is what we call the warring States period. The first part deals with age of Mythology, early Chinese culture and the origin of the text. As a literary work "four," and "the five classics", the book of songs as "one of the five classics". "The body of literature madeCommodities "on the art of war", "elite", "Xun", "Confucius home language", "El Emperor biography", etc. Another chapter describes poetry, mainly introduces the Qu Yuan, song, "Taoist" chapter describes Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, hearing, Han Fei, Huainan, child and so on. The second period of the Han dynasty. Mentioned at the beginning of "the Emperor" roundly criticized, with large sections of text describes Li Ling, the primer, Lu Liu Manjusri, describes the parent-child and kingdoms, Yang, Yun Wang, wear, pieces of multiplication, Mrs POON, etc. Chapter introduced Sima Qian, discusses the influence of Buddhism and its descendants. The third period is "a small Court", that is, three kingdoms and sui. Describes the jian'an, Tao Yuanming, Bao Zhao, Xiao yan, xiedao Heng, fan ye, Shen Xiaotong, etc. The fourth period is the Tang dynasty, China's poems and rhymes, and then describes Wang, Meng, Wang Wei-Ang, and other poets, highlights Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, sikong, and translated them more poem. Essays focused on Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan "of classical movement." The fifth stage is the song. First describes the invention of moveable type and its effects, highlight Ouyang Xiu, SIMA, Wang Anshi, three Su and Huang Tingjian poetry creation, the full text of the translation the sushi the former Chibi ODE, describes science from Zhou Dunyi, Cheng to Zhu Xi, Shao Yong's developed. He didn't introduce words, but he talked about the Tang dynasty to the cause of debilitating, poetry and the poetry of the song is considered because the song is devoted to prose. Also chapter describes rhyming dictionaries, encyclopedias and forensics. The sixth stage is the Yuan. Jat's to Western readers details the origins of theatre and back to the 19th century, Chinese Opera, pointed out that China was still do not know the name of the "tragedy". In the fiction section he Chinese novels into four themes: aggression and intrigue, romance and adultery, superstition, lvlinhaohan. The romance of the three, the water margin, journey together (in fact, the journey into the middle of the day in the Ming dynasty books). The seventh stage is the Ming dynasty. First describes the body of literature, poet, and the Yongle ceremony, Materia; novel focuses on the Jin Ping Mei, jade, alluring pear "," column guozhi, flowers in the mirrors, the Hirayama cold Yan "," second degree "Mei; Theater presents high you sincerely the pipa"; poetry is about the song Fang Xiao ju ICAC, and Xie Zhen, Zong Chen and other writers. The eighth period is the Qing dynasty. Focuses on the strange tales "and" a dream of Red mansions ", translating the term" pupil "and" Taoist "and" pear "," Ying Ning "and" Impatiens "and other stories, spent more than 30 pages describing the dream, the dream of the exception that is the greatest fiction China and so few words comments, almost all story translation. Then introduced Great Emperor Kangxi and Qianlong emperor's contribution to the literature, poet, introduced the Gu Yanwu, blue Dingyuan, Yuan Mei, Zhao Yi. These eight on roughly the same period style, followed several times are "novels, dramas," chapter, and without ignoring the expressions of folklore. In the style of the JAT's special attention to the literary process of the concept of "history". First of all pay attention to the literary language of media tools, text changes, such as the Han Hui Shen involved Shuo the word book in the text of the role played by the standardization; the song then discussed the rhyming dictionaries and Philology, describes the invention of moveable type. Secondly, having regard to the impact on the development of other literary and cultural trends, such as the introduction of Buddhism, the development of the Western Han dynasty. Once again, the translation of literary works tend to be based on the evolution of the concept of literature to be selected. In addition to the style characteristics of the JAT's with a Western scholars introduced the Chinese literature of the inevitable feature of the JAT's not consciously station in Western stance evaluation and entente of Chinese literature, such as for we believe that does not fall within the scope of the astronomical literature, medicine, gardening or even diet and other aspects of the work, he should be vigorously introduction, he often put Chinese authors, works and works of Western writers, such as watching the analogy with the dream of thought yinglunzhi Fei Jardim's works, "journey to the West" reminiscent of the Pilgrim. Third, the whole book translated text in occupies considerable length, and some are almost the entire translation. For example, the "strange stories �� dream" chapter on the strange tales "is still some debate on its good or bad, advised kindness topic text, but for the dream of almost all story translation. In fact this is one of the early development of the Chinese General characteristics, is also the introduction of foreign each literary authors inevitability. This is because the average Western readers do not read and may even have contact with some of the works. In this case, if only on Cheok, high on can only be to Hyun on empty, vain. The other party is due to the early Chinese development had not yet achieved system, deep insights. Above, the JAT's the history of literature, the whole Chinese literature translation or quite rich and realistic, its academic value performance in several ways. A is the first time from the "history" of consciousness on overall grasp Chinese literature. This is not done before. In the preamble, the JAT's criticism of Chinese scholars endlessly sensual on individual author, comments and appreciation of the overall history of Chinese literature of the thousands of years but intransigence. Second, the JAT's modern sense of the literary perspective, more just to treat various literary genres. He put the Chinese unofficial history traditionally regarded as the "smell", "Barnyard Street on roadway language" novels, drama, folk literature moved to literature is Church Hall. He introduced the neo-Confucians ', "gentleman" not ashamed to talk about the Jin Ping Mei, "bizarre chaos God," the strange tales of big plus. Third, in the literary history of the writing style on a precedent. Jat's to dynasty as to style for weft, supported by dedicated chapter authors, works, the first general logistics, laid the history of Chinese literature of the matrix-style. Fourth, the JAT's note of Buddhism on the influence of Chinese literature. He specifically chapter describes Buddhism and its influence. This is beyond the literary history of his contemporaries. Five is the first system to Western readers shows a general picture of Chinese literature, Chinese literature from the WestA squamous cell scraps impression to the system, although the general picture is not very comprehensive. At the same time, the book's introduction a number of Chinese literature, the writing is smooth, accurate and easy to speak, is an excellent Chinese literary reading, is also the level of the 19th-century European and Chinese translation of the summary of the achievements. The Huaying dictionary on Jat and after Magnus spent 20 years make a devoted huge the Huaying dictionary "(A Chinese-English Dictionary), and in 1892 by Kelly andWelsh company publication. Since then, he has spent 20 years in this dictionary are revised, in 1912 published three volumes of this updated edition (reveal. Ed., 1912, Kelly andWelsh, in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan Yokohama four simultaneously release). The giant dictionary until 1968 reprint in United States. The first edition of the book is published in Shanghai, the company for the typographic KellyandWelsh Magnum Opus, the establishment of a dedicated typesetting workshop, employ skilled Chinese typesetting workers engaged Japanese composition, and employ a number of bilingual well-educated men dedicated to reading proofs, after a full two years to complete the composition. Zhai Magnus of this monumental work of received Chinese word 13838, vocabulary and more words entries separately bar, each word has a number and the number of English explanation, polysyllabic purpose included quantity is exceeded before any-English dictionaries. The entire dictionary body 6 bar row (Word column narrower, more words entry bar wide), large size, the body of a total of 16 1710 page, and is equipped with a variety of Appendix, content rich. This dictionary has the following characteristics i.: headword choreography has preliminary scientific. Jat's meticulous research pronunciation to Chinese word for Word, consists of many leading words. The lead characters be in full accordance with JAT's improved Wade-Roman zhuyin system sort (sounds like homology of strokes number arrange order), the phonetic system after being called Wade-GilesSys-tem (Wade a Zhai Magnus zhuyin system). Dictionary of each detail of the Chinese characters are mostly not only by the zhuyin bookcases, note the phonological and note the pronunciation of many dialects. Second, the inclusion of content rich. The entire dictionary collection Chinese word 13838, each word has a different meaning more English ex-Wen (equivalents or descriptive paraphrase) plays a leading role in the word, Word entries under the more word entry content rich, broad, not only the word, of a complete sentences, not only the word; the leader of the word, this word is the final word on inverse cited or inverse cited a phrase (such as "double" a pairing of "good", etc.) and middle vertical mesh Word Word or phrase (e.g. "double" words of "Fame"). By headword is classical and written words, spoken in the vulgar words, and have the proper name and idioms, proverbs, idioms, and the book received more words entries rough statistics 10 million. III. interpretation of fine win, accurate English translations. Zhai, Magnus is proficient in Chinese, both before and after product forty years work preparation and revision of his dictionary, in particular with respect to the revision of its 1912, dropping extremely individual entries, few Chinese because of misinterpretation of the characters or words of the original meaning of absurd error and correct. Zhai Magnus on Chinese word text of sub-item interpretation, delicate, getting at the root of the matter. Fourth, pay attention to the Chinese traditional culture. Zhai Magnus dictionary for the word culture beyond historical background and detailed explanation of the allusions, such as the title of "stone" Jingwei quanneng of missing out getting at the root of up to 16 rows. The extreme example is "Beijing" more than 60 different names, in Zhai Magnus dictionary was enlisting exhaustion! this dictionary also set 6 about Chinese history, geography and culture of schedule: (1) official rating symbol table. Lists of the Qing dynasty to nine wenwu officials on dingzi color garb and texture, form the pattern description on reinforcing the child, (2) last name table. Lists from the books and the book of "together with the Chinese family name more than 2000, in which single surname 1800 more, many more than 230, 17 3 Word surname, the surname three words. By Wedgwood alpha order. (3), China-DPRK representative. Divided into a table and chronology. A table lists since "five diji" to "Qing" the DPRK representative. Chronology of dynasties Emperor chronology of listed and the year number. (4) of the geography table. Separately listed Chinese provinces, and the inner and Outer Mongolia tribes. (5) calendar table. Lists the 24 solar terms China; Chinese twelve month name, e.g., February is the month, March to apricot peach month, such as for August; and guiyue Chinese Zodiac and 12 hour, etc. (6) complex tables. Including China, the Chinese characters of numbers and uppercase; numbers are used to calculate the Chinese character code word; China's decimal digits, such as: ten, a hundred, thousand, million,,%, dollar, etc. From these schedule content visible Zhai Magnus on Chinese culture, history, geography, calendar, some fundamental questions of importance, and quite accomplished. In addition, it is also the means of retrieving more perfect. Body by Wade phonetic system of the Latin alphabet order. Homomorphic Word reciprocal see item. Another Kanji radical index, readers can retrieve the strokes by radicals. It altogether 214 radicals, than the modern Chinese dictionary "of 189, employing more than 25. It also attached a press stroke order of difficult words and simplified table, where you can search by radical is not easy to retrieve words and some simplified Chinese characters. Due to the authoring of the Huaying dictionary "regardless of your character, Word, extensive schedule content, or the Chinese dialect and pronunciation, Chinese characters Latin alphabet system established, retrieval tools in a complete, were published before it was British and American English Dictionary for the few to none. Although some of the scholars on this dictionary have complained, but in the history of Chinese-English Dictionary compilation, it still deserves a milestone in nature. On the one hand, Chinese culture, communication and Westerners learn, understand, study Chinese culture played an important role as a bridge for the Chinese studiesAn important contribution. On the other hand it on Chinese-English Dictionary compilation of important reference. In it after publication of the compilation and English Dictionary in style, retrieve the manner and terms are set out in the appendix for reference and use it in some way, so it is the founder of Chinese-English Dictionary. Today, only it covers Chinese cultural aspects, we study the Western Chinese and foreign translation Chinese historical documents could be a very valuable reference tool. Taiwan is printed again in 1972, published this dictionary version of 1912. Fifth, Zhai Magnus dictionary's Achilles heel. However, despite all these advantages, this dictionary is the existence of an impact on its use value and the academic quality of the fatal wound, that is, indexed entries without any scientific standards and systemic, extremely complex message destination sort, almost all the clutter of is to "pick up", neither sort according to tone, or sort by stroke count or radical, inverse cited words and to the words as the words are ordered CI in vertical, disorganized, unable to retrieve. At the same time, some entries are very used phrases, idioms, phrases, or aphorisms, nor is not even meant a complete sentence. In addition, there are other dictionaries also some disadvantages: too many included dialect (in particular Shanghai-Hangzhou area dialect); rarely included in late Qing and early Republican has been an influx of Chinese instruments in the new Word Press (its 1912 revision remain unchanged); individual Chinese character, Word English interpretation is inaccurate due to error, and so on, are foreigners by Chinese-English Dictionary of common fault. However, Zhai Magnus-English Dictionary of these defects after all cannot obscure great virtues, generally speaking, as the first half of the 20th century's most popular Chinese-English Dictionary is well-deserved. Zhai academic evaluation Magnus is the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century United Kingdom Zhai Magnus, renowned sinologist was acclaimed as one of the three satellite constellation United Kingdom sinology, lifetime for wide dissemination of the Chinese language, literature and culture. He was diligent in his works, study covering Chinese literature, history, religion, philosophy, painting, and many other areas, there are also many language textbook line. He wrote the first English history of Chinese literature, Chinese painting history, first English Dictionary Chinese biographies, the compilation of the dictionary of affected Huaying generations of foreign students, with the modifications and established after Wade a Zhai Magnus-Ruby program popular 80 years without failure. His translation of instructor is very broad, from the primer to the xiyuan catalogue, "from the country to the Zhuangzi, he has dabbled in. His translation of the strange tales "is still one of the most complete English translation, his" classical selected Jane "for the first time to the English reader shows China for thousands of years prose, poetry of the everlasting charm. His translation of the pen to the "elegant, fresh and full of life" is known, his greatest achievement is to make "Sinology humanity." Therefore, Zhai Magnus twice winner of the French Academy ru Lotus Award (1897, 1911), Royal Asiatic Society triennial Gold Award ((1922), the Government of the Republic of China (1922) Golden harvest, Aberdeen University honorary doctor of laws degree (1897), Oxford University, honorary doctor of literature (1924), and was elected President of the Royal Asiatic Society North China Club President (1885), the French Academy, academician overseas communications (1924).